Are company directors liable for the debts of the company? We explain the circumstances where directors of a limited company can be held responsible for its debts.
While setting up a limited company entails a bit more in the way of formation than being a sole trader, as well as greater financial and admin responsibilities, there are certain advantages – one of which is ‘limited liability’.
As the name suggests, any liabilities of a limited company generally do not extend beyond the entity of the company itself. However, although shareholders are generally always protected from liabilities (aside from rare cases where courts decide to “pierce the corporate veil”), directors (who are often also shareholders) can sometimes become personally liable for company debts.
In a nutshell, this is any sum of money or debt owed by a company. It could be an unpaid invoice to a wholesaler (if you’re a retailer), a bank loan, an HP agreement or any other sum of money your business is liable to pay to its creditors.
This is the protection afforded to the shareholders of a limited company which means they can’t be held personally responsible if the business is unable to pay its debts. Although directors are often also shareholders, the ‘limited liability’ protection only applies to their status (if any) as shareholders.
Sole traders can be held personally liable if things go wrong and debts spiral out of control.
There are certain situations where company directors (irrespective of whether or not they are also shareholders) can be held liable for business debts. Here are some examples of how this might happen:
A director’s loan account allows a director to take money out of their business in a way that isn’t a salary, expense or dividend. If this happens, it should be logged and, eventually, the sum should be repaid. Of course, if you take out more than you pay in, the loan account will get into an overdrawn situation.
Generally, if this is below £10,000 it’s not an issue. However, the situation can become more complicated if a company faces insolvency, as the director’s loan account is then viewed as a company asset, and a director will have to pay back the money they’ve borrowed, so any creditors can be paid.
In order for a director’s loan not to be viewed as overdrawn, it’s advisable to pay back any money you’ve borrowed within nine months of the end of the accounting year. You can find out more on our guide about company director loans .
Since directors are often also the shareholders and owners of a company, it’s not uncommon for banks, landlords or suppliers to require a director to sign a personal guarantee before extending credit or agreeing to a loan.
It’s worth considering taking out personal guarantee insurance, which can give you peace of mind if you ever need to sign a personal guarantee to achieve your business objectives.
Wrongful trading is covered by Section 214 of the Insolvency Act 1986 and is a civil offence (not to be confused with fraudulent trading, which is a criminal offence – see below).
It can best be described as trading ‘irresponsibly’. This happens if a director keeps on trading, even though they knew, or ought to have known, there was no possibility of avoiding insolvent liquidation.In addition, directors must take steps to minimise the potential loss to the company’s creditors.
Wrongful trading can only apply in terminal insolvency, i.e. when a business is no longer viable, and formal insolvency proceedings (such as liquidation or administration) have already begun.
This means if a business becomes insolvent, the directors have a statutory duty to act in the best interests of the company’s creditors,and they can’t carry out any antecedent transactions which go against that (you can find out what types of things count as antecedent transactions below).
If they do so, they may then become personally liable to contribute to the company’s assets. It is therefore advisable to seek guidance from insolvency experts if your business ever gets into an insolvency situation; that way, it’s possible to ensure any actions are appropriate for the situation.
This happens when a director of a company dishonestly continues business with intent to defraud its creditors — or for another fraudulent purpose (in contravention of Section 993 of the Companies Act 2006 ).
Company directors have what’s known as ‘fiduciary duties’ — meaning if the company is insolvent, they must act in the interests of its creditors, not themselves. If a director does, therefore, act to the detriment of a creditor, they may incur liability for debts.
Sometimes a business may attempt to continue trading by forming a new company, often with a similar name, even though the previous one has gone into liquidation. This is known as the Phoenix Syndrome . If this happens, a director can be held liable for any debts of the new company.
An antecedent transaction is one made by the company which is at risk of being challenged and overturned following the company being placed into insolvency.
If a company stops trading and goes into liquidation, the directors must not carry out any transactions that undermine the position of its creditor. For example, by making a preferential payment to one creditor over another or selling an asset for less than it’s worth, thereby diminishing the return for any creditors.
This also includes not paying shareholders dividends, as this is only lawful when there are sufficient distributable profits.
Another common type of antecedent transaction is one that’s ‘undervalue’. A transaction is generally considered to be undervalued if the company makes a gift to a person or enters into a transaction without getting anything for it. Or if the company receives remuneration that’s significantly less than the actual value of the transaction should be.
Section 238(1) of the Insolvency Act 1986 states that where a company goes into liquidation, and within the relevant time (two years before the date of liquidation) entered into this type of transaction, the liquidator can apply to the court for an order either reversing the transaction or seeking recovery of the company’s losses from the directors.
Ironically, the most common reason a director’s loan account might go overdrawn is because of advice given by an accountant, recommending that a minimum salary is drawn in order to keep tax and National Insurance low. The rest of the payment is then taken as dividends.
This can become problematic; however, if the business suddenly hits a cash-flow problem and the business has to close. Often, the director who has been using the director’s loan account to draw a salary won’t even be aware of the implications of being overdrawn at this point — by which time, it’s too late to rectify.
There are, however, some cases where a director might be able to reduce their personal liability for a director’s loan. For example, if it’s been used to buy assets for the company, expenses or mileage, etc.
Yes, this is one of the exceptions to the protection a limited company provides, and directors can be made personally liable for their own PAYE and National Insurance payments.
The company has a statutory duty to act in the best interests of its creditors as a whole, and the directors must do everything possible to ensure the repayments of all creditors using the company’s resources.
If a director is held liable for their company’s debts, they will be in a similar position to a sole trader — and if the debts can’t be met, personal assets may have to be sold or refinanced. If this isn’t possible, there is a risk creditors could push for personal bankruptcy.
That being said, some people feel that voluntarily declaring bankruptcy is the best way to handle the situation. There is also a risk of being barred from being a director for up to 15 years if it’s found a director hasn’t properly fulfilled their duties.
The risk of becoming liable for a limited company’s debts is greater if it’s insolvent, or close to insolvency. For this reason, it’s prudent to seek professional advice if you’re ever facing this situation. This will help you ensure steps are put in place to reduce the chance of you being made personally liable for any debts, including:
If insolvency is a certainty, company directors can become personally liable if they continue to trade. Therefore, to avoid liability as a director, you’d have to prove that you reasonably believed that your company could be saved, and that you did everything possible to minimise loss to creditors.
If you continue to take credit from business associates, knowing it probably won’t be paid back, you open yourself up to the risk of becoming personally liable for wrongful trading.