Economists say a "soft landing" is achieved when an economy decelerates just enough to curb inflation without causing a recession. Today, the U.S. economy appears poised to repeat such an outcome. The last notable instance of a soft landing occurred in the mid-1990s, driven by technological change and the emerging forces of globalization. The economic conditions of today are quite different from the 1990s nevertheless, exploring the potential for another soft landing can tell us something about the transformative role of digital trade in driving 21st century economic resilience.
In the early 1990s, the U.S. was recovering from a recession. By the mid-1990s, key indicators such as GDP growth, inflation, and unemployment had improved significantly, so today the 1990s is remembered chiefly for this successful soft landing followed by significant growth for the remainder of the decade. Digital tech even then was reshaping the U.S. economy by a surge in electronics trade fueled by globalization. Over time, as electronics became interconnected through the Internet, digital trade expanded into the networked and virtual economy we see today.
Trade dynamics in the mid-1990s were characterized by globalization and agreements like NAFTA, which reshaped trade relationships and boosted trade volumes. The U.S. trade deficit grew from $78 billion in 1993 to $96 billion in 1995, with major trading partners including Canada, Mexico, and Japan. Key exports were cars, computers, electronic microcircuits and aircraft, while imports were dominated by car s, electronic components, and crude oil.
In contrast, today’s trade dynamics are influenced by both physical and digital trade. The U.S. trade deficit in 2023 was $945 billion, with exports at $2.53 trillion and imports at $3.47 trillion. China has emerged as a major trading partner, contributing $382 billion to this deficit due to high imports of smartphones, laptops, and electric batteries. The U.S. export profile has shifted towards advanced technology, pharmaceuticals, along with oil and gas products, reflecting a move towards a more technology-driven economy while maintaining its legacy as a fossil fuel producer.
Digital trade has emerged as a critical component of this evolution. Global digital trade was estimated at USD 0.95 trillion in 2021 by Viktor Stojkoski & Philipp Koch & Eva Coll & Cesar A. Hidalgo in ‘ Estimating Digital Product Trade through Corporate Revenue Data .’ The United States contributed nearly three-quarters of global digital product exports, based on the location of its headquarters. The most revolutionary export numbers from the United States include:
These figures highlight the rapid growth and significant impact of digital trade on the aggregate complexity of the U.S. economy. Digital trade not only enhances economic resilience by diversifying export portfolios but also drives innovation and productivity. Major tech firms headquartered in the U.S. lead global digital markets, creating high-value jobs and attracting significant investment. This shift towards digital products and services underscores the evolving nature of global trade and the increasing importance of intangible assets in economic growth.
In the 1990s the end of the Cold War and the implementation of NAFTA opened new markets and boosted U.S. trade. Today, the landscape is shaped by factors like the COVID-19 pandemic, completely different trade tensions, technological advancements, and climate change.
Achieving a soft landing today means overcoming several specific headwinds:
The U.S. economy in 2024 looks like a structural success story, with conditions reminiscent of the mid-1990s that allowed for a soft landing. Achieving this required balancing persistent inflation, trade tensions, and climate change disruptions with the growth of digital trade and green technology. The continued emergence of digital trade has improved the complexity and resilience of the U.S. economy.
By fostering a supportive environment for digital trade, enhancing cybersecurity, and investing in sustainable technologies, the U.S. and other advanced economies can navigate these challenges. Embracing these opportunities will bolster economic resilience and pave the way for sustainable growth and prosperity in an increasingly interconnected world.